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	<title>1898 &amp;laquo; WordPress.com Tag Feed</title>
	<link>http://wordpress.com/tag/1898/</link>
	<description>Feed of posts on WordPress.com tagged "1898"</description>
	<pubDate>Sun, 07 Sep 2008 01:18:21 +0000</pubDate>

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<title><![CDATA[Plötsligt händer det]]></title>
<link>http://semlesara.wordpress.com/?p=951</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 02 Sep 2008 16:52:17 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Emelie</dc:creator>
<guid>http://semlesara.wordpress.com/?p=951</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Idag var det då alltså dags för Antikrundan att besöka Mora. Jag och lillasyster hade laddat upp]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Idag var det då alltså dags för Antikrundan att besöka Mora. Jag och lillasyster hade laddat upp med en skål och fyra inbundna böcker innehållande Allers Familje-Journal från 1898. Vi packade i bilen och åkte till tennishallen där Svt höll till. Väl där var kön ganska lång, men längtan efter att Peder Damm skulle värdera våra antika grejer gjorde att vi aldrig tvekade. Jag tog ut väskan med det antika innehållet ur skuffen för att sen se på när Maria drämmer igen bakluckan med en smäll. Luckan stängs helt, men något var fel. Marias finger satt emellan. In med grejerna igen och sen ilfart till akuten. Var det av? Skulle det sys? Behövde det gipsas? Det vart röntgen, stelkrampsspruta och ett stort bandage. Nu är känseln inte riktigt som den ska så det blir återbesök på fredag. För att få lite förnyade krafter åkte vi till McDonalds, det gjorde gott i magen. Det är inte alltid det blir som man tänkt sig. Men nu slapp vi stå i kö iaf.</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-952" src="http://semlesara.wordpress.com/files/2008/09/ffeff.jpg" alt="" width="420" height="282" /></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Militair Hospitaal (Belgium)]]></title>
<link>http://telefunker.wordpress.com/?p=238</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 13 Aug 2008 18:43:33 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>telefunker</dc:creator>
<guid>http://telefunker.wordpress.com/?p=238</guid>
<description><![CDATA[ The construction works for this military hospital together with the military arsenal started in 189]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-style:italic;font-family:Arial;color:#666666;"> The construction works for this military hospital together with the <a href="http://telefunker.wordpress.com/2006/08/10/arsenal-militaire-belgium/">military arsenal</a> started in 1898, but it wasn’t until 1911 when the hospital officially opened. The site consists of many hospital blocks, a surgery, a chapel and a monastery. The hospital got abandoned in 1993 and will be reconverted into lofts.</span></p>
<p><img src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3265/2637119700_9e43c3127d_o.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="266" /></p>
<p><!--more--></p>
<p><img src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3122/2702236490_45b3d4a6f8_o.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="266" /></p>
<p><img src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3166/2680659870_2e89c77c31_o.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="633" /></p>
<p><img src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3290/2750065189_c9e35ec4e8_o.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="633" /></p>
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<title><![CDATA[CUBA LIBRE]]></title>
<link>http://larsarus.wordpress.com/?p=36</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 05 Aug 2008 12:33:39 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>larsarus</dc:creator>
<guid>http://larsarus.wordpress.com/?p=36</guid>
<description><![CDATA[




The seemingly everlasting sickness of imperialism, with subsequent death, started with that the]]></description>
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<div dir="ltr"><a href="http://larsarus.files.wordpress.com/2008/08/infanta-maria-theresa.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-41" src="http://larsarus.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/infanta-maria-theresa.jpg" alt="" /></a></div>
<div dir="ltr">The seemingly everlasting sickness of imperialism, with subsequent death, started with that the Cuban population once had just about enough of Spain.<br />
Rebellion was not anything new under the sun, for the rebellions had been constant under the imperial age.<br />
The news was that the rebels did business with a major player: the United States.</div>
<div dir="ltr">Cuban insurgency only lasted and lasted, and for the United States it became increasingly clear that Spain might be too weak to stand as an imperial power.</div>
<div dir="ltr">The United States had just completed a massive fleetbuilding.</div>
<div dir="ltr">Their nation was in a good position in relation to it to shake Cuba out of Spain's grip.<br />
Cuba also lay directly off the coast of the United States - which strongly opposed any European presence on the american continent.</div>
<div dir="ltr">Declaration of war came shortly after the U.S. battleship Maine exploded.</div>
<div dir="ltr">The United States was convinced that it was some Spanish agents who had blasted the ship, but it has neither by the time or later been proven that this was the case.<br />
25.April 1898 were the United States in war with Spain.</div>
<div dir="ltr">The war went as expected, not very good for Spain.</div>
<div dir="ltr">Nevertheless should the war before ending, claiming 3000 Americans dead.<br />
Cuba is an island.</div>
<div dir="ltr">Logically enough was, therefore, the Cuban war was mainly decided on a maritime theatre.</div>
<div dir="ltr">The only Spanish warship that could measure themselve up to the U.S. battlefleet was the Spaniards pride Pelayo. One powerful Battleship.<br />
Spanish authorities were, however, that most authorities, caring most for themselves.<br />
They decided that Pelayo was to be reserved to the defence of Spain itself - how unlikely a U.S. bombardement of Spain's coasts was ever going to be.<br />
So did the authorities in Spain almost defeat its own marine, even before the games were started.</div>
<div dir="ltr">Their involvement in the military business stopped however not there.</div>
<p>Admiral Pascual Cervera (not Cerveza) y Topete - a competent expert; wanted to wait for the U.S. fleet at the Canary Islands. This desire was "managed" political.<br />
Spain's Glory (with the big G) stood at stake, and it had to be sent out political signals.<br />
Always signals.<br />
Four Spanish armoured cruisers and two torpedoboats were ordered to Cuba immediately to their crews despair. All on board knew perfectly well what it would be the end for them in a meeting with the U.S. fleet. But they where tackling this fact in a Catholic fashion. The strikeforce consisted of the Infanta Maria Teresa and Vizcaya and Oquendo. Three armoured cruisers with 280 mm cannons (which was not to laugh at), and many of the smaller calibre cannons.<br />
They also had two torpedoboats Furore and Pluton.</p>
<p>In the end Admiral Cervera got with him a brand new cruiser Cristobal Colòn - that was so new that its 250 mm cannons were not mounted yet when the war started. Instead the ship was equipped with wooden dummies. It is hardly considered an advantage to be ordered into war with wooden cannons.<br />
But Cristobal Colòn had many of the smaller cannons thoug, and they were not made in wood.</p>
<p>The Spanish Naval Force added to the wharf in Santiago de Cuba, so before the sealane back out was blocked by the majority of the U.S. fleet.<br />
The Americans were unable to bombard the Spaniards without coming within reach of the Spanish coastal guns, and the Spaniards could not get out to sea without having to meet the superior strength of the United States Navy. One classic stalemate we want to say.<br />
But the net were closing in on Cervera and his men. The enemy advanced on land against Santiago, and finally the admiral decided to go for breaking the american blockade. <br />
He really had no other choices, as Santiago was just about to be consumed by troops from the United States and the Cuban rebels.</p>
<p>3. July at 9.00 the Spanish ships made full steam ahead. This with the flagship Infanta Maria Teresa in the lead - followed by Vizcaya - Cristobal Colòn - Oquendo and the torpedoboats Furore and Pluton. The US ships had not fired up all the steam boilers on their ships, and they was totally surprised when the Spaniards at 9.45 emerged and started shooting.<br />
But if the Americans lacked steam in them; they lacked not the munitions to their cannons.<br />
Soon there was an exchange of fire started that could really end in just one way.<br />
The pace was the Spaniards only advantage in the battle. Even if they started the last, and also was by far the fastest ships, it was Furore and Pluton of the Spanish ships that came shortest away in the escape. The Americans had respect for torpedoboats, and got them both quickly and literally blown out of the water.</p>
<p>It was common during battles at sea that the flagships got the credit of having to catch the enemy's greatest attention.<br />
On board the Infanta Maria Teresa Admiral Cervera lost the deck under his feet. Soon the ship sank.</p>
<p>This was bad news for Oquendo that just then was nearest the enemy.<br />
Oquendo soon had the same fate as the flagship.<br />
While the cruiser sank the crew fired volleys of torpedoes against the Americans, they thoug avoided these.</p>
<p>Vizcaya had now got past the U.S. battlefleet and was complicated in a duel with American cruisers.<br />
Captain and crew made an honourable struggle, but as mentioned: the battle could only end in a way. And so it did.<br />
Vizcaya sank after a prolonged exchange of fire against superior forces. Cristobal Colòn their wooden mainguns exploited the chaos, and sailed behind the other Spanish ships.<br />
The cruiser got off relatively undamaged from the battle, as a grenades exploded around the hull, and against all odds the ship and it`s crew broke the American blockade.<br />
The US took chase and the chase lasted; and so allowed the Colòn to get out of Spanish coal, and so they had to start heating the boilers in the ship with Cuban coal. This coal were of poorer quality than the Spanish.<br />
The smoke in the chimney on Colòn changed its color and the ship lost more and more speed for the Americans. Soon again the grenades hailed around the cruiser.<br />
Well knowing about all the sharks in the waters, the Spanish captain allowed the ship to get stranded on land before it was lowered in the open sea. The ship later sank.</p>
<p>So ended Spain's history as a major player: Literally in one cut.<br />
The town of Santiago de Cuba were actually fighting to 17. July - and the war was not formally ended before 10. December 1898.<br />
Nevertheless, there is no doubt about that, without a navy the war on Cuba in reality was lost to Spain.<br />
And a smashing defeat it had been. Aside from Vixen none of the U.S. ships that participated in the war was ever near to be lowered. This despite the fact that the Spaniards were to get many hits on the enemy.<br />
Marine historians are today considering the typical warship of the day as basic wrongly constructed; with a lot of smaller calibre cannons on board, instead of the fewer but larger cannons.<br />
This conclusion was, nevertheless, first to be made so much later. The American supremacy had been so massive that it was not noticed that the smaller cannons was relatively ineffective. In virtue of their numbers they had done the job for the Americans anyway.</p>
<p>The Battle of Santiago de Cuba marked the end of this imperial age.<br />
The royalist and to some extent racist imperialism was doomed when meeting the United States.<br />
The United States was at this time the progressive force in the world, but by no means their methods and policies are considered current coin of our time.</p>
<p>It is also interesting so see that the relationship between Cuba and the United States in the beginning was warm and well. It was by no means inevitable that the relationship between the two  nations would be so inflamed and strained as history now shows us.<br />
It would prove to be a long way to the goal, but the death of imperialism began with a rebellion at Cuba.<br />
The story, it is said, have a tendency to repeat itself.<br />
Those who live will see.<br />
Do they not?</td>
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<title><![CDATA[1 View of the History of Midlothian from 1959-1960 ]]></title>
<link>http://midlothianarchives.wordpress.com/?p=20</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 01 Aug 2008 03:10:49 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Valerie Martin - UTTWS</dc:creator>
<guid>http://midlothianarchives.wordpress.com/?p=20</guid>
<description><![CDATA[(This history was reproduced from the 1959-1960 Midlothian Annual Report)
History of the Village of ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>(This history was reproduced from the 1959-1960 Midlothian Annual Report)</p>
<p><strong>History of the Village of Midlothian</strong></p>
<p>Before the turn of the century neat farm houses dotted the country-side in this general area.  Transportation was by means of wagon and buggy, and the Rock Island Railroad made a milk stop in the morning at the 149th Street and Crawford Avenue “milk platform,” and again in the evening.</p>
<p>In 1898 several wealth Chicago businessmen, including one George Thorne, President of Montgomery Ward &#38; Co. decided to locate a new golf club “way out on 147th Street” about two miles from where the Rock Island crossed through town.  This club is one of the first here golf clubs in the Chicago area.  The beautiful, spacious club house was built, and as this was prior to the invention of the automobile, the Midlothian and Blue Island Railway Company was formed with a short-line railroad north of Hamlin Avenue to 143rd Street, thence west to the club grounds.  Facilities consisted of an old steam locomotive and two passenger cars.  At each end of the line the locomotive woud be turned around on a “turn-table” to face back in the other direction.  This was later replaced by an electric trolley, which operated until the line was discontinued in 1928.</p>
<p>Golf being a Scotch game, the country club chose the name “Midlothian” from Sir Walter Scott’s novel “The Heart of Midlothian.”   Their emblem is the same as the one in the square, the original site of the ancient Dolkeith prison in the shire of Midlothian in the city of Edinburgh, Scotland.  There are three “Lothian” shires, east, west and mid in Edinburgh.</p>
<p>The Rock Island decided it was time to erect a station for the convenience of the Country Club set and a large yellow frame building, complete with pot-belled stove was built – not on the site where it now stands – but on the other side of the railroad tracks with a wooden foot bridge to cross the creek.  For many years the station agent and his family lived in the depot.</p>
<p>About 1915 sub-dividers became interested in this locality and real estate offices came into being.  The tracts of farm land owned for many years by the origina German and English Settlers became new sub-divisions with blocks and lots;and a few homes and business establishments came into being.</p>
<p>The nearest schools were built of native limestone and were one-room schools.  On was located two miles west at 147th and Central Avenue and stil stands.  It was used as a residence until it was gutted yb fire about a year ago.  The second school, enarly two miles northeast was located at old Midlothian turnpike and Turner Avenue and was later utlized as Robbins Village Hall.</p>
<p>The first local community public school was one room, built by public subscription and contributed labor about 1919, and in later years it was convertd into a public library at 146th and Springfield Avenue.  About 1922 the two-room Len Small School was built by School District No. 143 on the northeast corner of 147th and Crawford, and St. Christopher’s new parish braved a four-room school and combined convent.</p>
<p>The first store was in an old barn at 147th and Kildare and at the time of incorporation of the village the business district consisted of five or six stores, two garages, one barber shop, one restaurant and one coal yard.</p>
<p>In the year 1924 Midlothian Development Association was formed with thoughts of incorporating as a village.  The first move to incorporate was put to a vote and lost.  Residents went to the polls again on March 17, 1927 and voted in favor of incorporation.  The village of Midlothian became a reality.  The following month 421 voters went to the polls and elected the following officials:</p>
<p>President	John H. Hamilton<br />
Trustee		M.E. Schooler<br />
		A.K. Robinson<br />
		George Fikrle<br />
		I.S. Schwartz<br />
		Nicholas Kremer<br />
		Joseph L. Reischel<br />
Clerk	Richard J. White<br />
Police Magistrate	Frank P. Stuart</p>
<p>The year the Village was incorporated was the same year that Charles Lindbergh flew the ocean and the country was prosperous.  The depression came in the early 1930’s and people lived through it.  Then came the years of World War II.  Time continued to march on and the village took all this in stride.</p>
<p>The municipal building now located at 14801 S. Crawford Avenue was built and dedicated in1949 and for the first time in the village’s history all of the services of fire, police, water/sewer and administration were combined under one roof.</p>
<p>Today the Village of Midlothian is one of the better communities in which to live southwest of the windy city of Chicago.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[1898: THE IMPERIAL WORLD]]></title>
<link>http://larsarus.wordpress.com/?p=27</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 18 Jul 2008 18:26:57 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>larsarus</dc:creator>
<guid>http://larsarus.wordpress.com/?p=27</guid>
<description><![CDATA[



In the year 1898  the Victorian Age were soon to be ended, and the global imperialism stood on]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div dir="ltr"><span style="color:#ffcc00;"><a href="http://larsarus.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/gromoboi.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-28" src="http://larsarus.wordpress.com/files/2008/07/gromoboi.jpg" alt="" /></a></span></div>
<div dir="ltr"></div>
<div dir="ltr"></div>
<div dir="ltr"></div>
<div dir="ltr"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">In the year 1898  the Victorian Age were soon to be ended, and the global imperialism stood on its highest peak ever.<br />
The imperial powers dominated the international politics completely; and the old world policed the high seas all over the entire globe.<br />
A brief definition of what imperialism means can be found <a href="http://canute-the-yellow-peril.blogspot.com/2008/06/canutes-theory-of-imperialism.html">here. </a></span></div>
<div dir="ltr"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">Independent states still existed, but the world was essentially gained by 12 empires.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr"><span style="color:#ffcc00;"></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">Spain</span></p>
<p></span></div>
<div dir="ltr">
<div dir="ltr">
<p dir="ltr"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">United Kingdom</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">Portugal</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">Belgium</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">Netherlands</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">France</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">Russia</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">Japan</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">Germany</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">Italy</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">Turkey</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">Austria</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span style="color:#ffcc00;">Soon a whole lot of changes would make their marks on history; but by 1898 the old world seemed absolute invincible and cast in steel.<br />
The United States was at this time in history a strong and respected federation, but they could not challenge the old imperial worldorder.<br />
France, Great Britain, Russia and Germany were all more than a match for the United States.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span style="color:#ffcc00;"><br />
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<title><![CDATA[1898]]></title>
<link>http://patry33.wordpress.com/?p=207</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 14 Jul 2008 22:58:04 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>eluque</dc:creator>
<guid>http://patry33.wordpress.com/?p=207</guid>
<description><![CDATA[José Martí
 
 
Antonio Maceo
 
 
Máximo Gómez
 
 
Valeriano Weyler
 
 
 
Infanta María]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="margin:0;">José Martí</p>
<p style="margin:0;"><img src="http://valentin-corpus.blogspot.es/img/JoseMarti.jpeg" border="0" alt="http://valentin-corpus.blogspot.es/img/JoseMarti.jpeg" /> </p>
<p style="margin:0;"> </p>
<p style="margin:0;">Antonio Maceo</p>
<p style="margin:0;"><img src="http://valentin-corpus.blogspot.es/img/AntonioMaceo.jpeg" border="0" alt="http://valentin-corpus.blogspot.es/img/AntonioMaceo.jpeg" /> </p>
<p style="margin:0;"> </p>
<p style="margin:0;">Máximo Gómez</p>
<p style="margin:0;"><img src="http://valentin-corpus.blogspot.es/img/MaximoGomez.jpeg" border="0" alt="http://valentin-corpus.blogspot.es/img/MaximoGomez.jpeg" /> </p>
<p style="margin:0;"> </p>
<p style="margin:0;">Valeriano Weyler</p>
<p style="margin:0;"> </p>
<p style="margin:0;"><img src="http://valentin-corpus.blogspot.es/img/Weyler.jpeg" border="0" alt="http://valentin-corpus.blogspot.es/img/Weyler.jpeg" /> </p>
<p style="margin:0;"> </p>
<p style="margin:0;">Infanta María Teresa (buque insignia)</p>
<p style="margin:0;"><img src="http://valentin-corpus.blogspot.es/img/Buqueinsignia.jpeg" border="0" alt="http://valentin-corpus.blogspot.es/img/Buqueinsignia.jpeg" width="448" height="302" /> </p>
<p style="margin:0;"> </p>
<p style="margin:0;">Vizcaya (del mismo tipo) tras el combate<img src="http://valentin-corpus.blogspot.es/img/Vizcaya.jpeg" border="0" alt="http://valentin-corpus.blogspot.es/img/Vizcaya.jpeg" width="441" height="166" /></p>
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<title><![CDATA[La Jamais]]></title>
<link>http://paraelvulgo.wordpress.com/?p=87</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 04 Jul 2008 13:21:55 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>jorenob</dc:creator>
<guid>http://paraelvulgo.wordpress.com/?p=87</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Cada vez que lleno diésel en mi coche veo que el indicador marca cada vez menos combustible, como e]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Cada vez que lleno diésel en mi coche veo que el indicador marca cada vez menos combustible, como es lógico ahora se ha puesto un poco otra vez de moda los coches híbridos y los eléctricos, pero en realidad los coches eléctricos tienen bastante tiempo, lo que pasa es que a veces creemos que hemos descubierto algo nuevo y en realidad solo hemos cogido un concepto del pasado y lo hemos mejorado o lo hemos adaptado para los tiempos en que vivimos.</p>
<p>Por ejemplo, ayer mientras leía un poco antes de dormir (hace tanto calor que no apetece acostarse pronto), leí una de esas hazañas del pasado que hacen plantearse que harían esos ingenieros con la tecnología de ahora.</p>
<p>Corría el año 1898 y estaban de moda los coches eléctricos, sobretodo los del francés Gaston Chasseloup-Laubat, y supongo que sería moda entre condes, duques y demás personajes de la alta sociedad francesa, pero dejando a un lado los títulos nobiliarios los coches induce en algunas personas a ir cada vez más rápido, y algunos destacan en eso, una de esas personas era el conde  <strong>Camille Jenatzy</strong>, un ingeniero eléctrico y corredor automovilístico belga, que fue uno de los primeros en empezar a marcar récords de velocidad.<br />
En su primer intento, datado un 18 de diciembre de 1898, el corredor alcanzó cerca de Archères su primer récord del mundo de velocidad, con una velocidad de <strong>63,149 km/h</strong> y con un automóvil eléctrico construido por <strong>Jeantaud</strong>.<br />
Cutro meses más tarde, el 4 de abril de 1899 con el mismo automóvil alcanza un nuevo record mundial con <strong>92,696 km/h</strong>, y  veinticinco días más tarde con otro coche eléctrico consigue superar los 100 km/h, este último sin frenos y podríamos decir que sin suspensión.<br />
El 29 de abril de 1899 establece otra vez en <a href="http://www.metropoleparis.com/1999/418/418fastr.html">Achères</a>, cerca de París, otro nuevo récord de velocidad a bordo de su automóvil eléctrico diseñado por <strong>Léon Auscher</strong> y llamado <strong>La Jamais</strong>, con una velocidad de <strong>105,876 km/h</strong>.<br />
Considerando que hasta 1910 no será superado, y que el motor de explosión todavía está en sus inicios, 105 km/h es una velocidad muy elevada y debió causar un buen revuelo.</p>
<div align="center"><img src="http://img372.imageshack.us/img372/4213/20071106phowww00122qk6.jpg" alt="La Jamais" /></div>
<p>Actualmente el récord de velocidad está en 1247,727 km/h, y fue registrado por Andy Green en 1997 con el <a href="http://www.thrustssc.com/thrustssc/contents_frames.html">Thrust SSC (Super Sonic Car)</a>, que cuenta con dos turbinas Rolls Royce que generan <em>apenas</em> 100000 HP.</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/ETX71UsiPds'></param><param name='wmode' value='transparent'></param><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/ETX71UsiPds&rel=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' wmode='transparent' width='425' height='350'></embed></object></span></p>
<p>Así que ya sabéis que lo de hacer coches eléctricos hace más de 100 años que se pensó, no es un concepto nuevo, pero esta bien que lo estén adaptando y mejorando, como han hecho con el <a href="http://www.teslamotors.com/">Tesla</a>.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Philippine Independence Day NYC Part 2- Bukidnon Dancers Interview and Singing Performance]]></title>
<link>http://filteany.wordpress.com/?p=278</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 03 Jun 2008 02:23:57 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>filteany</dc:creator>
<guid>http://filteany.wordpress.com/?p=278</guid>
<description><![CDATA[It is rare that Filteany shed tears but these ladies were able to touch her heart by reminding her o]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>It is rare that Filteany shed tears but these ladies were able to touch her heart by reminding her of home and just being so welcoming to her.</p>
<p>It's one of the best interviews I ever did.  Rank, comment and Share! Haters would not be tolerated since these LADIES DESERVE MUCH LOVE AND RESPECT.</p>
<p>Subscribe lovingly,<br />
Filteany</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/_PpPxjlxh5o'></param><param name='wmode' value='transparent'></param><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/_PpPxjlxh5o&rel=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' wmode='transparent' width='425' height='350'></embed></object></span></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Modifying Public Domain Miniature Painting Images Using Photoshop]]></title>
<link>http://perpetualplum.wordpress.com/?p=258</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 20 May 2008 16:47:09 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>perpetualplum</dc:creator>
<guid>http://perpetualplum.wordpress.com/?p=258</guid>
<description><![CDATA[
I acquired a volume set of The Harmsworth Magazine a while ago.   I decided to scan in a few imag]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p align="center"><a title="mincraze2 copy by sue_clark98, on Flickr" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/perpetualplum/2508216201/"><img src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3286/2508216201_aa594635e3.jpg" alt="mincraze2 copy" width="349" height="500" /></a></p>
<p align="center">I acquired a volume set of The Harmsworth Magazine a while ago.   I decided to scan in a few images to show that an image can easily be cleaned up or modified using Abobe® Photoshop®.  The following scans are from The Harmsworth Magazine, Volume I, 1898-9, The Modern Miniature Craze. Illustrated by Charming Examples.  by H.M. Tindall, pg 199. The article was about miniature paintings.</p>
<p align="center">I often modify images before using them in my altered projects.  I did some simple modifications to the image above to demonstrate.  You may also chose to color or alter the images after printing.</p>
<p align="center"><a title="mincraze2 angledstrokes by sue_clark98, on Flickr" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/perpetualplum/2508216545/"><img src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3004/2508216545_e3ae3ae28d.jpg" alt="mincraze2 angledstrokes" width="349" height="500" /></a></p>
<p align="center">I didn't like the graininess of the image, so I decided to first soften the image. I used the Angled Brush Stroke filter. To find the brushstrokes look under the Filter menu, follow it down to Brush Strokes, then click on Angled Strokes.</p>
<p align="center"><a title="mincraze2 sharpen by sue_clark98, on Flickr" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/perpetualplum/2508216939/"><img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2202/2508216939_02c34da8c4.jpg" alt="mincraze2 sharpen" width="349" height="500" /></a></p>
<p align="center">The image was just too fuzzy.  I decided to sharpen the image.  To sharpen the image go into the Filter menu, go down to Sharpen and click on Sharpen.</p>
<p align="center"><a title="mincraze2 blending by sue_clark98, on Flickr" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/perpetualplum/2509045236/"><img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2083/2509045236_9fc56a7062.jpg" alt="mincraze2 blending" width="349" height="500" /></a></p>
<p align="center">I wanted the image to stand out more. This next part is a bit complicated. I used the magnetic lasso, generally just below the dashed square (selector) button on the tool bar. The magnetic lasso has a horseshoe shaped magnet as well as the lasso. I used the magnetic lasso to follow the outline of the girl. Once I had completed selected the girl, I used copy (under the Edit menu) and paste (also under the Edit menu).</p>
<p align="center">I right clicked on my new layer. Then I clicked on Blending Options. I clicked on the Stroke box. I changed the stroke color to grey, chose a soft light blending method and an outside stroke. Then I checked the Bevel and Emboss box. I clicked on Bevel and Emboss, chose an Outer Bevel and Smooth Technique. I then played with the Depth, Direction and Size slider bars until I was satisfied with the image.</p>
<p align="center"><a title="mincraze1 copy by sue_clark98, on Flickr" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/perpetualplum/2508215153/"><img src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3113/2508215153_506245ed9d.jpg" alt="mincraze1 copy" width="379" height="500" /></a></p>
<p align="center">Since the page included 2 more images.  I decided to give you two more images to play with.  The original images are all scanned in at 300 dpi.  The modified images are 200 dpi.  You may have to click on the images and look at them larger to see the full effect.  I believe they fall in the category of public domain, so you are free to use them.</p>
<p align="center">
<p align="center"><a title="mincraze3 copy by sue_clark98, on Flickr" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/perpetualplum/2508214581/"><img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2010/2508214581_f36b838e43.jpg" alt="mincraze3 copy" width="372" height="500" /></a></p>
<p align="center"> Have fun!  I hope you create some wonderful altered art.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Coordinadera por o dialogo y a negoziazión]]></title>
<link>http://fendoorella.wordpress.com/?p=120</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 06 May 2008 14:38:56 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>fendoorella</dc:creator>
<guid>http://fendoorella.wordpress.com/?p=120</guid>
<description><![CDATA[ A Coordinadera ye formada por personas y colectibos que treballan por una fin politica a o conflict]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignright" style="float:right;margin:10px;" src="http://www.deia.com/fotos/impresa/2006/02/19/javimanifestacion%201898%20(3).jpg" alt="" width="125" height="150" /> A Coordinadera ye formada por personas y colectibos que treballan por una fin politica a o conflicto basco, alazetada en o dialogo y a negoziazión.  S'han programau dos charradas ligadas con o sumario 18/98 y as suyas negatibas consecuenzias sobre as posibilidaz d'ixa fin politica.</p>
<p>Biernes 9 de mayo 19,00 oras<br />
Facultat d'Economicas (C/ Dr. Cerrada s/n)</p>
<p><strong>"Audiencia Nacional: historia y situación actual. El 18/98 visto desde dentro"</strong></p>
<p>Bi interbendrán Augusto Gil Matamala (abogau cusirador en o prozeso 18/98, ex presidén d'Abogados Europeos Demócratas) y José Ignacio Lacasta (Catedratico de Filosofía d'o Dreito)<br />
--<br />
Biernes 23 de mayo 19,00 oras<br />
Facultat d'Economicas (C/ Dr. Cerrada s/n)<br />
<strong><br />
"Argumentos para una paz negociada"</strong></p>
<p>Bi interbendrán Martxelo Otamendi (ex director d'Egunkaria y director de Berria), Cármen Lamarca (presidenta de l'Asociación pro Derechos Humanos de España. Red por las Libertades y el Diálogo de Madrid) y Françesc Tubau (campaña "Si al procés de pau" de Catalunya)<br />
--<br />
Coordinadera por o dialogo y a negoziazión (Zaragoza)</p>
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<title><![CDATA[H.R. 900: Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007]]></title>
<link>http://prssa51.wordpress.com/?p=108</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 17 Apr 2008 04:17:18 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>José Cabrera</dc:creator>
<guid>http://prssa51.wordpress.com/?p=108</guid>
<description><![CDATA[
Congressman José Serrano of New York discusses the merits of H.R. 900, the Puerto Rico Democracy A]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/qubBdgx4Wfs'></param><param name='wmode' value='transparent'></param><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/qubBdgx4Wfs&rel=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' wmode='transparent' width='425' height='350'></embed></object></span></p>
<p>Congressman José Serrano of New York discusses the merits of H.R. 900, the Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007, which provides for a federally sanctioned self-determination process for the people of Puerto Rico, with ultimate choices being independence or statehood.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[18/98]]></title>
<link>http://neurehegitik.wordpress.com/?p=91</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 07 Feb 2008 08:53:19 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Joseba</dc:creator>
<guid>http://neurehegitik.wordpress.com/?p=91</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Gaur lagun batek e-maila bidali dit esaten komeni dela gertatu dena gogoan izatea. Ados nago eta hem]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Gaur lagun batek e-maila bidali dit esaten komeni dela gertatu dena gogoan izatea. Ados nago eta hemen uzten det bidali didana.</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/yUujzw8y30s'></param><param name='wmode' value='transparent'></param><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/yUujzw8y30s&rel=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' wmode='transparent' width='425' height='350'></embed></object></span></p>
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<title><![CDATA[How's This for Perspective?]]></title>
<link>http://charlieford.wordpress.com/?p=11</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 02 Feb 2008 19:07:46 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>charlieford</dc:creator>
<guid>http://charlieford.wordpress.com/?p=11</guid>
<description><![CDATA[  Last December (as in 2007) an interesting milestone of modernity was passed.  Actually, it was a]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://charlieford.wordpress.com/files/2008/02/1789head.jpg" title="French hair-style, c. 1789"></a><a href="http://charlieford.wordpress.com/files/2008/02/lincoln_1860.jpg" title="Abrahm Lincoln, spring or summer of 1860"></a><a href="http://charlieford.wordpress.com/files/2008/02/jrussellcoffey.jpg" title="jrussellcoffey.jpg"><img src="http://charlieford.wordpress.com/files/2008/02/jrussellcoffey.jpg" alt="jrussellcoffey.jpg" /></a><a href="http://charlieford.wordpress.com/files/2008/02/jrussellcoffey.jpg" title="jrussellcoffey.jpg"></a>  Last December (as in 2007) an interesting milestone of modernity was passed.  Actually, it was a certain individual who did the passing.  To wit (via USA Today):</p>
<p><span><em>J. Russell Coffey, the oldest known surviving U.S. veteran of World War I, has died. The retired teacher, one of only three U.S. veterans from the "war to end all wars," was 109. More than 4.7 million Americans joined the military from 1917-1918.</em></span></p>
<p>Mr. Coffey lived a full, rich, and needless to say <em>long</em> life.  If he had his druthers--and he doesn't--none of us do--he'd be remembered as a father, teacher, and community member, not someone who happened to spend a few months in boot camp in the fall of 1918.  But those months made him a WWI veteran, and so he gets remembered.</p>
<p>My father (b. 1920) saw Civil War veterans marching in parades when he was a boy.  I often tell my students that we distort history when we insist on dividing it up into decades.  Those little slices of time exaggerate difference over continuity, and lead us into silly journalistic conceits such as "What will the nineties be like?  Will we reject the greed and conformity of the Reagan era, and return to the dissent and commitment of the 1960s?"  Perhaps you recall those musings from the tail end of the eighties.</p>
<p>Instead, we should think in terms of generations (not cohorts, such as "boomers" and "millenials"--another ignorant journalistic conceit that precludes understanding and tries to make news where there is none) and lifetimes.  When we do so, time collapses.  My father speaks with men who have living memories of Gettysburg and Antietam and the Grant administration, and a new writer named Mark Twain everyone was excited about, and who lived when the idea of human beings flying was just science fiction and for whom the very idea of dropping a bomb from 30,000 feet in the air on a city filled with civilians and old folk and infants suckling and children and their pets would be unimaginable,  a sign that the society doing so was in the grip of a barbarism so elemental and disturbing as to escape the limits of description.  And my father tells me, and I tell my students, and they, in turn, are merely a couple of lifetimes from the Civil War.</p>
<p>Mr. Coffey was 109 years old when he died in December.  He was born in 1898, the year of Teddy Roosevelt's Cuban escapades.  Sigmund Freud, Pablo Picasso, and Adolf Hitler were all unknown in the US.  People owned horses.  Many had their own cows for milk.  There was no such organization as the NAACP, the frontier--or should we say the Indian Wars--had ended that decade.  The population of the United States was a little more than 76 million people.  Coffey would have known dozens, if not hundreds, of people who had seen Abraham Lincoln, heard him speak, shaken his hand.</p>
<p><a href="http://charlieford.wordpress.com/files/2008/02/lincoln_1860.jpg" title="Abrahm Lincoln, spring or summer of 1860"><img src="http://charlieford.wordpress.com/files/2008/02/lincoln_1860.jpg" alt="Abrahm Lincoln, spring or summer of 1860" /></a></p>
<p>Let's speculate.  Imagine that, as Mr. Coffey was being born in 1898, another 109 year old American was passing away somewhere.  That American would have been born in 1789.  The ratification of the Constitution.  George Washington becomes the first president of the new nation.  The Mexicans in California, the Sioux on the plains, and countless others go about their business and live their entire lives without giving a thought to the restless, aggressive people even now gathering strength to the East.  It is the year of a revolution in France.  No one speaks of "terror" yet, at least as an "ism."</p>
<p><a href="http://charlieford.wordpress.com/files/2008/02/1789head.jpg" title="French hair-style, c. 1789"><img src="http://charlieford.wordpress.com/files/2008/02/1789head.thumbnail.jpg" alt="French hair-style, c. 1789" /></a></p>
<p>1789.  Two lifetimes--long ones, granted--ago.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Bogd Khan, octavo Jebtsun Damba Hutuchtu]]></title>
<link>http://kalaupapa.wordpress.com/2008/01/24/bogd-khan-octavo-jebtsun-damba-hutuchtu/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 24 Jan 2008 20:54:24 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>kalaupapa</dc:creator>
<guid>http://kalaupapa.wordpress.com/2008/01/24/bogd-khan-octavo-jebtsun-damba-hutuchtu/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[ Bogd Khan, octavo Jebtsun Damba Hutuchtu, se aburría un pelín, la verdad sea dicha. Acostumbrado ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img src="http://kalaupapa.wordpress.com/files/2008/01/bogdokhan.jpg" alt="bogdokhan.jpg" /> <b>Bogd Khan, octavo Jebtsun Damba Hutuchtu</b>, se aburría un pelín, la verdad sea dicha. Acostumbrado a trabajar lo justo y casi para aparentar y dar ejemplo al súbdito, las tardes de cada día eran para él como tardes de domingo y además empezaban a las diez y media de la mañana. Sin dominicales del periódico, ni panadería a la que bajar a comprar el pan, ni máquinas tragaperras que aún tardarían años en inventarse, el monarca se pasaba horas pegando saltitos de tedio en su monstruoso salón del trono, gritando su nombre completo para que sonara el eco. Unos días se ponía a contar baldosas negras, otros a saltar de blanca en blanca; cuando tocaba contar luego se esforzaba en olvidar el número para poder repetir la operación otro día y sorprenderse con el resultado y exclamar sorprendido como si él mismo fuera un niño engañado: caramba, Bogd Khan, ni más ni menos que dieciséis millones setecientas setenta y siete mil doscientas dieciséis baldosas negras tiene tu salón, podrás estar orgulloso.</p>
<p>Su primo Herminio, como hacen todos los primos, le aconsejaba que leyera y que aprendiera todo lo que se supone que un emperador mongol, que para más inri es el octavo Jebtsun Damba Hutuchtu, debe saber de su país y de sus gentes. Bogd Khan decía que aún era joven para tirarse leyendo todo el día desde el lucero del alba hasta reventarse los ojos, que aún no estaba preparado. Pero es que además, no nos engañemos, la historia de su país le parecía al buen Khan la cosa más insoportable que ha parido enciclopedia, o sea que leer, a falta de Wii y de blogs onanistas, no era la solución. De repente iba y se comía un yogur, o le pedía a cada uno de sus trescientos cocineros una tortilla de un sabor diferente. Se cortaba las uñas hasta que quedaran más anchas que largas o se afeitaba hasta que no quedaran puntitos negros, hasta que empezaba a sangrar y lo ponía todo perdido. Daba volteretas, vomitaba las tortillas, rascaba las paredes estucadas, desmontaba cajas de cartón y luego se disgustaba porque le hubiesen ido bien para guardar las uñas y jugar con ellas. A veces repetía el proceso.</p>
<p>Cuando a eso de las siete de la tarde se empezaba a marear con el olor familiar del salón, que olía demasiado a él, salía al balcón imperial a respirar el aire de la ciudad y del desierto, pensaba en los pobres y en las ratas y entonces le entraba la pena. Se imaginaba emborrachándose al caer la tarde con aquella gente tan sana, la gente del pueblo, felices en su incultura y su humildad, libres de espíritu gracias al trabajo sin las preocupaciones espirituales propias de un Jebtsun Damba Hutuchtu. Entonces, con cierta envidia, le venía a la cabeza esa reflexión tan bonita y democrática de que en realidad nunca queremos lo que tenemos. Y luego se hacía de noche y, como no había farolas ni neones en las calles de Ulan Bator, le entraban ganas de pegarse un tiro. Luego solo se acababa haciendo una paja, que a lo mejor era la cuarta del día.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[18/98: Yo también soy terrorista, pues cuestiono al poder]]></title>
<link>http://pipasdecoco.wordpress.com/2008/01/01/1898-yo-tambien-soy-terrorista-pues-cuestiono-al-poder/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 22:46:34 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>boigandreau</dc:creator>
<guid>http://pipasdecoco.wordpress.com/2008/01/01/1898-yo-tambien-soy-terrorista-pues-cuestiono-al-poder/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Las reacciones mayoritarias ante la sentencia de la Audiencia Nacional en el Sumario 18/98 constituy]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">Las reacciones mayoritarias ante la sentencia de la Audiencia Nacional en el Sumario 18/98 constituyen un preocupante síntoma de degradación cívica. </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">Ni en los momentos de máxima violencia de ETA, en los años 70 y 80, se había consentido de manera tan laxa la restricción de libertades políticas como instrumento de "lucha contra el terrorismo". Los intentos gubernamentales para disolver HB generaron un amplio rechazo ciudadano y no encontraron alguno en los tribunales de justicia. En una sentencia de 1995, Tribunal Constitucional dejó sentado que "la manifestación pública, en términos de elogio o exaltación, de un apoyo o solidaridad moral o ideológica con determinadas acciones delictivas, no puede ser confundida con tales actividades" (STC 42/95). </span></p>
<p><!--more--></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">Hasta el ínclito </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">Pedro</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"> J. Ramírez llegó a publicar en 1998 un editorial en el que, a propósito del cierre de Egin, recordaba con tono solemne que "delinquen las personas, no las rotativas". </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">Pues bien, en los últimos años, este sentido común se ha alterado de manera significativa. Una parte considerable de la ciudadanía ha asumido con indiferencia, cuando no con entusiasmo, los estropicios legislativos, judiciales o policiales cometidos contra la izquierda abertzale en Euskadi y, de modo más general, contra todo lo que pueda oler a nacionalismo periférico o a independentismo. </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">En este proceso de neutralización del sentido garantista colectivo, el impulso de la Ley de Partidos de 2002 ha desempeñado un papel central. Su objetivo, precisamente, era obtener por una vía política "sencilla" lo que las garantías jurisdiccionales no habían permitido conseguir a golpe de simples prejuicios o de deducciones apresuradas. Así, a pesar de la letanía formal según la cual "en un Estado democrático se pueden defender todas las ideas", se aceptó sin escándalo que la resistencia a "condenar" un acto terrorista en los mismos términos exigidos por los partidos mayoritarios permitiera la ilegalización de </span><br />
<span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">formacio</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">nes políticas con significativa implantación social. A diferencia de lo ocurrido algunos años atrás, los medios de comunicación, los partidos mayoritarios y una parte considerable de los juristas e intelectuales "progresistas" mantuvieron un clamoroso silencio e incluso celebraron la "sensatez" de la medida. </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">A partir de entonces, la pendiente resbaladiza del recorte de libertades civiles y políticos quedó expedita. Toda disidencia respecto de la manera "oficial" de entender la identidad nacional del Estado, sobre todo si se hacía desde premisas pluralistas o que pusieran en entredicho los lugares comunes del nacionalismo español, pasó a considerarse sospechosa de servir a los intereses del terrorismo y susceptible, por tanto, de ser ilegalizada. A partir de forzadas argumentaciones siempre ligadas a la "lucha contra el terrorismo", se cerraron periódicos, se prohibieron agrupaciones electorales, se introdujeron delitos de opinión en el Código Penal y hasta se amenazó con encarcelar a un Lehendakari por convocar una consulta sobre el propio autogobierno. </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">En un contexto así, el kafkiano laberinto del que forma parte el Sumario 18/98 se inscribe en una cultura de la excepción que ha ido imponiéndose de manera persistente a lo largo de la última década y que culmina el <em>modus operandi</em> anti-garantista utilizado por el juez Baltasar Garzón en sus ataques al llamado "entorno de ETA". </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">Documentos incompletos, pruebas perdidas, actuaciones abiertamente parciales por parte de la Audiencia Nacional y unas piezas de convicción </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">consistentes en más de 200.000 folios facilitados a la defensa una semana antes del juicio, constituyen sólo algunos elementos de un proceso que no tenía como objetivo investigar un <em>hecho</em> criminal concreto sino desentrañar la <em>fenomenología</em> de una organización armada en todas sus dimensiones políticas y sociales. </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">La tesis que avala la sentencia de la Audiencia Nacional es ya conocida: todos los grupos ligados a la denominada izquierda abertzale -el movimiento independentista vasco, en su más amplio sentido- son, o están destinados a ser, "apéndices" de la estructura de ETA. Han sido creados, "fagocitados" o "colonizados" por ella y responden a sus directrices. </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">Para corroborar esa hipótesis resultó fundamental una nueva formulación tanto de los métodos de investigación como del valor de las pruebas que superara ciertas rigideces garantistas del marco procesal. En ese contexto, no resulta extraño que el proceso se transformara en un gigante en continua expansión destinado a ilegalizar y clausurar, bajo la acusación de pertenencia o colaboración con banda armada, todo aquello que se encontraba por delante. </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">El <em>macrosumario</em> acabó engullendo </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">tres medios de comunicación –Egin, Ardi Beltza y Euskaldunon Egunkaria–, algunas empresas –entre ellas Orai SA, editora de los medios clausurados–, y diversas organizaciones políticas, entre las que destacan las juveniles Jarrai-Haika-Segi, las Gestoras pro Amnistía, Udalbitza –una institución creada por los electos municipales– la red de escuelas de alfabetización y euskera para adultos –AEK y Galgakara– o la Fundación Josemi Zumalabe, una entidad con reconocidas credenciales pacifistas, antimilitaristas y de defensa de la no-violencia, que impulsaba el debate y coordinación entre los diferentes movimientos sociales vascos. </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">A la mayoría de</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"> imputados en dichos sumarios no se les achaca haber cometido ningún atentado o delito concreto, sino tan solo su participación laboral, política o social en alguna de estas entidades. La investigación, de hecho, versó más sobre la biografía de los acusados que sobre un delito concreto. </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">La prueba se sustenta básicamente en las valoraciones policiales que, elevadas de golpe a la categoría de "razonamiento jurídico", se han convertido en el presupuesto de la actual condena de 46 personas. </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">En el caso de la Fundación Zumalabe, nueve miembros de su Patronato, algunos de ellos ligados a una tradición libertaria situada en las antípodas del mundo abertzale, fueron detenidos y acusados de colaboración con banda armada. El único argumento esgrimido por la Fiscalía fue que su defensa de la desobediencia civil también aparecía en los boletines internos de ETA. De ese modo, ha tomado cuerpo lo que a los ojos de cualquier mortal parecería algo imposible: el terrorista que no sabe que lo es o el miembro de ETA que ni siquiera es abertzale.</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"> </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">Hasta ahora, para ser considerado miembro o colaborador de ETA era necesario tener relación directa con la organización armada, de acuerdo con la doctrina asentada por la sentencia del Tribunal Constitucional 199/87. No obstante, la puesta al día de las tesis garzonianas hacen que resulte suficiente que una acción política o social se considere "ayuda" a los "fines" de ETA –comenzando por la independencia– para que pueda considerarse un delito de terrorismo. </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">Tratar el "entorno de ETA" como si fueran "las entrañas de ETA" es adentrarse en un peligroso camino en el que las fronteras entre el disidente y el terrorista, el inocente y el culpable, se difuminan de modo inevitable. De ese modo, la "lucha contra el terrorismo" se convierte en un verdadero acto de guerra, regido por normas excepcionales, que tiende a consolidar un <em>Derecho Penal de autor</em> inspirado en una antigua y nunca apagada tentación totalitaria: la idea de que debe castigarse no <em>por lo que se ha hecho</em> sino <em>por lo que se es</em>. </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">Un Estado de derecho digno de ese nombre no puede permitirse esta renuncia. La persecución de personas u organizaciones que, sin recurrir a la violencia, cuestionan aspectos esenciales del orden constitucional, constituye en realidad una derrota del Estado de derecho y una victoria del terrorismo. Contemplada con la gravedad que el caso merece, la Sentencia del Sumario 18/98 viene a desatar los fantasmas evocados por el viejo poema de Brecht: primero les tocó a unos, luego a los otros, y después a mi, pero ya era tarde. Ojalá que la advertencia alcance también a quienes hoy aplauden o simplemente miran hacia otro lado. </span></p>
<p style="text-align:center;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'Arial Narrow';color:#cc0000;">Jaume Asens</span></strong><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'Arial Narrow';color:#cc0000;"> es miembro de la Comisión de Defensa del Colegio de Abogados de Barcelona. <strong>Gerardo Pisarello</strong> es profesor de Derecho Constitucional de la Universidad de Barcelona.</span></p>
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<title><![CDATA[18/98 auzia - auzipetuen defentsaren argudio ixilaraziak]]></title>
<link>http://ikatza.wordpress.com/2007/12/20/1898-auzia-auzipetuen-defentsaren-argudio-ixilaraziak/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 20 Dec 2007 15:32:24 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>ikatza</dc:creator>
<guid>http://ikatza.wordpress.com/2007/12/20/1898-auzia-auzipetuen-defentsaren-argudio-ixilaraziak/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Atzo 18/98 makroepaiketaren epaia eman zen. Ezustekorik ez, 47 euskal herritar 500 urtetako gartzela]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Atzo 18/98 makroepaiketaren epaia eman zen. Ezustekorik ez, 47 euskal herritar 500 urtetako gartzela zigorretara kondenatuak izan dira. Bere krimena, Euskal Herriaren eskubideen aurre jarrera inkonformista baina baketsua ematea. Gaur egun ordea ez da nahikoa bakezalea izatea terroristatzat akusatua izatea sahiesteko. Nahikoa da desobedientziaren eta autodeterminazioaren aldeko ideologia "arriskutsu" bat izatea (Garzon dixit) etakide arriskutsu bezala epaitua eta zigortua izateko. Nahikoa idatziko da egun hauetan epai honek esanahiari buruz, eta nahikoa mobilizatuko da euskal gizartea ere bidegabekeria hau salatzeko eta errepresaliatuei elkartasuna adierazteko; oraingoan nere asmoa auzipetuen defentsak emandako arrazoiak, komunikabideek jakinaren gainean ixilarazi dituztenak, azpimarratzea eta ezagutzen ez dituztenei jakitera ematea da.</p>
<p>Akusazioaren oinarria "militantzia bikoizketaren" kontzeptuan datza, zeinarekin ETAk bere kideak beste arlo batzuetan kokatzen zituen (politikoa, gizarte mugimenduetakoa, komunikabideetakoa...), horrela etakideak bi erakundeetako kide izan litezkelarik. Hau dokumentazioak, etakide ugariren adierazpenek eta ETAren historiak berak gezurtatzen du.  Militantziaren bikoizketaren kontzeptua ETA(pm)rena da soilik, ETA(m)k 1974ean baztertu zuen eta oraindik ere publikoki baztertzen du. Eztabaida hau izan zen hain zuzen ere hauen zatiketa ekarri zuena, eta (zabaldu zenez) Perturren erahilketa ETA(m)ren eskuetan. Epaileak erabilitako terminoetan orduan, KAS ETA(pm)ren menpekoa izango litzateke. Baita PSE-EE ere.</p>
<p>1000 orrietako epaiean ematen den arrazoik eta frogarik zentzudunenak (gehienak "ETAk X. Zutabean euskal gizarteak presoen alde manifestatu behar lukela dio" ergo "presoen alde manifestatzen direnak ETAren menpe daude" bezalako argumentu txotxoloak dira) ustez ETAri antzemandako dokumentu urri batzuetako informazioa dira. Atentzioa deitzen du nola sinesgarritasun osoa ematen dien dokumentu ez ofizial hauei (ustez bere gain zituzten etakideek gezurtatu egin dute beraien  benetakotasuna), eta nola haurrekoa gezurtatzen duten barne dokumentu, komunikatu eta ETAren buruzagien deklarazio piloaren aurrean entzurgorrarena egiten duten. Ez al zuen ba ETAk beti egia esaten, edo komeni zaienean bakarrik?</p>
<p>Ezin dira dokumentu susmagarri pare bati helduz (erderaz idatziak, ETAk bere barne dokumentazioarekin inoiz egin ez duena) ETAren historiari buruz 40 urte luzeetan idatzi den guztia gezurtatu. Polizia eta epaileek berak ontzat ematen duten ETAren historia hain modu baldarrean ezeztatzen duten oinarri gabeko argumentuek ez dute sinisgarritasunik. Konparazio bat egiteko, poliziak bihar "mendian aurkitu ditugun dokumentu hauen arabera, Franco komunista omen zen" esango baluke, ez dut uste inork kontutan hartuko luketeneik tontakeri hau. Gure kasuan bezala, ez bada komeni behintzat.</p>
<p>Badaude auzi honetan beste gauza ugari kiratsa darienak (adibidez, nola da posible orain hilabeta batzu Jarrai-Haika-Segiren auzian Audientzia Nazionalak ETAren zati ez zirela ondorioztatzea, eta orain arrazoi berberekin KAS, Ekin, etab... ETAren bihotza direla esatea? Munduko ze tokitan zigortzen da jendea denagatik, ez egiten dutenagatik?) baina badaude ni baino jakitunagoak banan banan aterako dituztenak. Laburbilduz, egun tristeak dira hauek, bai euskal gizartearentzat eta baita justizia berarentzat ere. Ea euskal gizarteak gure samina behar bezala bideratzen asmatzen dugun, eta gure politikariek krimen honen aurrean eman beharrekoa ematen duten.</p>
<p>Informazio gehiago:</p>
<p><span><a href="http://www.gara.net/idatzia/20060510/art163617.php" title="http://www.gara.net/idatzia/20060510/art163617.php" rel="nofollow">www.gara.net/idatzia/20060510/art163617.php</a><br />
<a href="http://www.mundurat.net/pat/b2lhart_imp.php?p=33761" title="http://www.mundurat.net/pat/b2lhart_imp.php?p=33761" rel="nofollow">www.mundurat.net/pat/b2lhart_imp.php?p=33761</a><br />
<a href="http://www.18-98plus.com/epaiketak/hemezortzi/a/dokumentuak_eu/24hem/heme" title="http://www.18-98plus.com/epaiketak/hemezortzi/a/dokumentuak_eu/24hem/heme" rel="nofollow">www.18-98plus.com/epaiketak/hemezortzi/a/dokumentuak_eu/24hem/heme</a><br />
<a href="http://www.gara.net/paperezkoa/20070307/6822/es/Iruin/Este/juicio/sustenta/una" title="http://www.gara.net/paperezkoa/20070307/6822/es/Iruin/Este/juicio/sustenta/una" rel="nofollow">www.gara.net/paperezkoa/20070307/6822/es/Iruin/Este/juicio/sustenta/una</a><br />
<a href="http://lahaine.org/index.php?p=24743" title="http://lahaine.org/index.php?p=24743" rel="nofollow">lahaine.org/index.php?p=24743</a><br />
<a href="http://www.mundurat.net/pat/articulo.php?p=54311" title="http://www.mundurat.net/pat/articulo.php?p=54311" rel="nofollow">www.mundurat.net/pat/articulo.php?p=54311</a></span></p>
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<title><![CDATA[18/98, herriaren aurkako azken erasoa]]></title>
<link>http://ikatza.wordpress.com/2007/12/03/1898-herriaren-aurkako-erasoa/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 03 Dec 2007 16:23:39 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>ikatza</dc:creator>
<guid>http://ikatza.wordpress.com/2007/12/03/1898-herriaren-aurkako-erasoa/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Errepresioa, sorgin-ehizak eta auzi politikoak iraganeko kontua direla ia konbentzitu gaituzten hone]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Errepresioa, sorgin-ehizak eta auzi politikoak iraganeko kontua direla ia konbentzitu gaituzten honetan, beste behin ohartzen gara Inkisizioaren eta Burgoseko Prozesuaren arotik ez direla gauzak hainbeste aldatu espainiar Estatuan. Beste behin demokrazia eta zuzenbide estatuaren maskara kendu eta ezarritako pentsamendutik aratago doazenei bere aurpegi totalitarioa erakutsi diote. Beste behin euskal gizartea zuzenean eraso dute, eta euskal herritarrok ez zaigu espainiar nagusiaren aurrean belaunikatu eta gure segurtasuna eta askatasuna bermatzeagatik eskerrak eman besterik geratzen, gure amorru eta ezintasuna irentsiz. Beste behin "euskal arazoa" konpontzeko (arazoa gurea balitz bezala) duten eskaintza luzatu digute: men egitea edo gaizkile gisa tratatua izatea. Oraingoan 52 herrikide hauei egokitu zaie espainiar Estatuaren konplexuak nozitzea, barrutik jaten ari zaizkion arazoak atxiloketa eta espetxeraketekin konponduko dutelakoaren sinismenarekin.</p>
<p>Iada apenas saiatzen diren disimulatzen ere. Argi eta garbi esan dute 18/98ko prozesatuak ez dituztela indarkeriarekin izan ditzazkeen loturagatik epaitzen, beraien "ideia subertsiboegatik" baizik. Noski, espainiar nazionalista atzerakoienentzat nahikoa da nazio gutxituen burujabetzaren aldekoa izatea gaizkile odoltsuarenaren parean jartzeko; errudunak direla nabaria da, gero bilatzen/asmatzen dira hau frogatzeko frogak (hauek falta badira ere, 18/98 prozesuko kasuan bezala, ez du gehiegi axola). Euskal Herriaren salbuespen egoera nabarmena da eta aurreko mendekotzat jotzen genituen sistema politikoetan bezala, espainiar Estatuak erantzunkizun eta zigor kolektiboak ezartzeari ekin dio, gaur egungo Europan tokirik eduki behar elukeen astakeri juridiko batean.</p>
<p>Hauteskundeen etorrera ere kontutan hartu bearreko faktore bat da, hurrengo hilabeteetan espainiar bi alderdi nagusiek (praktikan bakar bat gisa jarduten dutenak) elkarrekin lehiatuko bait dute zeinek emango euskaldunei egur gehien. Helburu propagandistiko honekin, komunikabideak buru belarri jarri dira espainiar herriari zapalketa hau Estatuaren garaipen gisa saltzen "indarkeriaren munduarekiko", gezur eta demagogia askorekin baina taxuzko datu edo informaziorik eman gabe. Tristea da nola manipulazio triste honek espainiarrengan duen eragina, badirudi errepresioaren mezua ongi hartzen dutela (salbuespen ohoregarri batzuekin). Atentzioa deitzen didate herritar xumeen hartean eragin handia duten telebista sasi-tertulianoen hitzek: ba omen zen ordua justiziak zerbait egin zezan, eta erabat ados omen daude epailearekin. Hori bai, gero ez dakite oso ondo 18/98 prozesua Batasunaren edo Kale Borrokaren kontrakoa ote den.</p>
<p>Aspaldi konturatu dira ordea ezingo dituztela euskal herritarrak hain errez engainatu, euli nazkante hauek erantzunik gabeko galderak egiten dituztela eta agindutakoari men ez egiteko ohitura itxusia dutela; hau dela eta, ezkutuko trikimailu guztiek huts egin ondoren, kriminalizazioa eta errepresio gordinari ekin diote. Aspaldi konturatu dira baita ez direla gizabanako soilen aurka ari, herri antolatu baten kontra baizik, eta ondorioz, herria bera zigortzen dute, herri honen defentsan nabarmentzen direnak turko-buru gisa harturik.  Beraiek dira ordea zereginik ez dutela ohartzen ez diren bakarrak, oraindik min asko egiteko ahalmena duten arren, arrazoiaren guda aspaldi galdu zuten. Giza eskubideen aurkako eraso zuzen eta nabari hauek bere ezinegona adierazten dute, ez direla gai Euskal Herriaren martxa geldiarazteko.  52 espetxeratuentzako esker onezko besarkada bat momentu ilun honetan, eta etorkizunerako animoak. Asko gara, 52 baina gehiago, uztera behartuak izan zareten bidea jarraitzeko prest.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.blogari.net/1898erantzun" title="18/98 erantzuna">http://www.blogari.net/1898erantzun</a></p>
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